[Response to the COVID-19 Health Crisis from a Gender Perspective: Lessons Learned]. / Respuesta a la crisis sanitaria de la COVID-19 desde la perspectiva de género: lecciones aprendidas.

OBJECTIVE: To delve deeper from a gender perspective into the lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic to address future health crises. METHOD: Study with key informants with experience in public health and gender from the Ministerio de Sanidad, ministries of the autonomous communities, Institut Català de la Salut, Hospital de La Princesa, Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública and Universidad País Vasco. SOURCE OF INFORMATION: individual open-ended questionnaire on health and health inequalities/gender inequalities related to COVID-19. After presenting the findings, the key informants group discussed them in a meeting until reaching a consensus on the lessons learned. RESULTS: The lack of clinical statistics by sex could compromise epidemiological surveillance, losing the opportunity to characterize the disease. The performance of essential services fell more on women, exhausting them with double and triple shifts; with the differences according to sex in the clinical presentation of COVID-19, and the criteria for hospitalization/admission to the intensive care unit, their access to health care decreased. Increased: gender violence and mental health problems; delaying recognition of the second effects of vaccines in women; partially due to information biases in clinical trials. The gender perspective was lacking in academic, healthcare, and health management areas. CONCLUSIONS: Women's gender dimensions determined their higher frequency of COVID-19 and played a fundamental role in its control. Broadly considering the lessons learned will strengthen prevention systems and be able to provide effective responses to future health crises.

Respuesta a la crisis sanitaria de la COVID-19 desde la perspectiva de género: lecciones aprendidas / Response to the COVID-19 Health Crisis from a Gender Perspective: Lessons Learned

Objetivo: Profundizar desde la perspectiva de género en las lecciones aprendidas durante la pandemia de COVID-19 para hacer frente a futuras crisis de salud. Método: Estudio con informantes clave con experiencia en salud pública y género del Ministerio de Sanidad, Consejerías de las comunidades autónomas, Institut Català de la Salut, Hospital de La Princesa, Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública y Universidad del País Vasco. Fuente de información: cuestionario individual de respuestas abiertas sobre inequidades o desigualdades de género sanitarias y en salud relacionadas con la COVID-19. Tras presentar los hallazgos, el grupo de informantes clave se reunió y debatió hasta llegar a un consenso sobre las lecciones aprendidas. Resultados: La falta de estadísticas clínicas por sexo pudo comprometer la vigilancia epidemiológica, perdiendo una oportunidad para caracterizar la enfermedad. El desempeño de los servicios esenciales recayó más en las mujeres, extenuándolas con dobles y triples jornadas, lo cual, junto con las diferencias según sexo en la presentación clínica de la COVID-19 y los criterios de hospitalización y de ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, disminuyó su acceso a la atención sanitaria. Aumentaron la violencia de género y los problemas de salud mental, retrasando el reconocer los efectos secundarios de las vacunas en las mujeres parcialmente por sesgos de información en los ensayos clínicos. La perspectiva de género faltó en los ámbitos académicos, asistenciales y de gestión sanitaria. Conclusiones: Las dimensiones de género de las mujeres determinaron su mayor frecuencia de COVID-19 y desempeñaron un papel fundamental en su control. Considerar las lecciones aprendidas fortalecerá los sistemas de prevención y permitirá poder dar respuestas eficaces a futuras crisis de salud.(AU)

Objective: To delve deeper from a gender perspective into the lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic to address future health crises. Method: Study with key informants with experience in public health and gender from the Ministerio de Sanidad, ministries of the autonomous communities, Institut Català de la Salut, Hospital de La Princesa, Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública and Universidad País Vasco. Source of information: individual open-ended questionnaire on health and health inequalities/gender inequalities related to COVID-19. After presenting the findings, the key informants group discussed them in a meeting until reaching a consensus on the lessons learned. Results: The lack of clinical statistics by sex could compromise epidemiological surveillance, losing the opportunity to characterize the disease. The performance of essential services fell more on women, exhausting them with double and triple shifts; with the differences according to sex in the clinical presentation of COVID-19, and the criteria for hospitalization/admission to the intensive care unit, their access to health care decreased. Increased: gender violence and mental health problems; delaying recognition of the second effects of vaccines in women; partially due to information biases in clinical trials. The gender perspective was lacking in academic, healthcare, and health management areas. Conclusions: Women's gender dimensions determined their higher frequency of COVID-19 and played a fundamental role in its control. Broadly considering the lessons learned will strengthen prevention systems and be able to provide effective responses to future health crises.(AU)

El rol de la mujer en la ortopedia y traumatología en Colombia / Women's role in orthopedic and trauma surgery in Colombia

Introducción. A lo largo de los años se ha observado una importante brecha de género en la especialidad de ortopedia y traumatología. Su persistencia en otros países sugiere una evolución similar en Colombia. Objetivo. Determinar la distribución por sexo de los residentes de ortopedia y traumatología en Colombia en tres momentos fundamentales: la inscripción al proceso de selección, la admisión a la especialidad y la terminación del programa académico y obtención del correspondiente título. Metodología. Estudio transversal en el que se analizaron los datos registrados entre 2001 y 2021 en el Sistema Nacional de Información de la Educación Superior - SNIES para los programas de posgrado de ortopedia y traumatología. Resultados. En comparación con 2001, la proporción de mujeres egresadas de especialidades quirúrgicas en 2021 aumentó (26,56% vs. 44,84%). En el caso de los programas de postgrado en ortopedia y traumatología, entre 2007 y 2021, 16 979 individuos se postularon al proceso de admisión, 975 fueron admitidos y 702 se graduaron como ortopedistas, siendo la proporción de mujeres en cada etapa 22,47%, 22,56% y 16,80%, respectivamente. Además, en relación con el número de admitidos estratificado por sexo, el porcentaje de mujeres que se graduaron como ortopedistas fue notablemente menor que en los hombres (53,64% vs. 77,35%).Conclusiones. A pesar del aumento en la proporción de mujeres egresadas de las especialidades médicas, en el caso de ortopedia y traumatología, las mujeres siguen teniendo una participación muy baja en términos de aspirantes inscritos, admitidos y egresados

Introduction. Over the years, a significant gender gap has been observed in the orthopedics and trauma specialty. This gap has persisted in other countries, suggesting a similar trend in Colombia. Objective. To establish the gender distribution of orthopedics and trauma residents in Colombia at three critical moments: enrollment in the selection process, admission to the specialty, and completion of the academic program and awarding of the corresponding degree.Methodology. Cross-sectional study that analyzed the data registered between 2001 and 2021 in the National Information System for Higher Education (SNIES by its Spanish acronym) for postgraduate programs in orthopedics and trauma.Results. In 2021, the proportion of female graduates from surgical specialties increased compared to 2001 (26.56% vs. 44.84%). Between 2007 and 2021, 16 979 people applied for postgraduate programs in orthopedics and trauma, 975 were admitted, and 702 graduated as orthopedists, with the proportion of women at each stage being 22.47%, 22.56%, and 16.80%, respectively. Furthermore, when admissions were stratified by gender, the percentage of women graduating as orthopedists was significantly lower than that of men (53.64% vs. 77.35%).Conclusions. Despite an increase in the number of female graduates from medical specialties, women continue to have a very low participation rate in orthopedics and trauma in terms of applications, admissions, and graduation

Meta-analysis of gender inequities in cataract surgical coverage in Latin America.

OBJECTIVE: To perform an updated meta-analysis of cataract surgical coverage (CSC) data in Latin American studies to confirm that gender equity exists in terms of receiving cataract surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search of Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness (RAAB) studies in Latin American published since 2011 was done. Older studies from countries that did not have newer data published were also included. Using summary original study data of CSC rates on an individual basis, a random effects model of meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the differences in CSC between men and women. RESULTS: Nineteen studies from 17 countries were included (Mexico data were pooled). The odds ratios at a visual acuity (VA) of <3/60 and <6/18 were 1.04 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.82-1.32] and 1.04 (95% CI: 0.90-1.19), respectively, without heterogeneity. There were no significant gender differences for CSC at any VA level. CONCLUSIONS: This updated meta-analysis of CSC data from Latin American countries supports that gender inequity in terms of receiving cataract surgery is not an issue in the region. The results do not provide insight into gender inequity in terms of the quality of cataract surgery and other types of eye care services.

OBJETIVO: Realizar un metaanálisis actualizado de la cobertura de cirugía de catarata en estudios latinoamericanos para confirmar que existe equidad de género en términos del acceso a cirugía de catarata. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura de "Rapid Assessments of Avoidable Blindness (Encuestas Rápida de Ceguera Evitable)" publicados en Latinoamérica desde el 2011. Se incluyeron también estudios anteriores de países que no tenían publicados datos más recientes. Utilizando el compendio de datos de los estudios originales de la cobertura de cirugía de catarata (Cataract Surgery Coverage, CSC por sus siglas en inglés) en base individual, se realizó un modelo de efectos aleatorios de metaanálisis para evaluar las diferencias en la CSC entre hombres y mujeres. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 19 estudios de 17 países (los datos de México fueron agrupados). La oportunidad relativa (razón de probabilidades) para una agudeza visual (AV) de <3/60 y <6/18 fueron de 1.04 [95% Intervalo de confianza (IC): 0.82-1.32] y 1.04 (95% IC: 0.90-1.19), respectivamente, sin heterogeneidad. No hubo diferencias significativas para la CSC a ningún nivel de AV. CONCLUSIONES: Este metaanálisis actualizado de la CSC de Latinoamérica, confirma que no existe inequidad de género en términos de acceso a cirugía de catarata en esta región.

Gender differences in cardiology professionals: A Latin American Survey.

BACKGROUND: Gender-based differences among cardiology professionals have been reported in North America and Europe. However, the perspective of Latin American cardiologists remains unexplored. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the study were to analyze the gender gap perspective among cardiologists from Latin America. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using an online survey directed to Latin American cardiologists from five different cardiology societies. The survey included questions on demographic data, professional development in the field of cardiology, and perceived barriers in clinical practice. RESULTS: A total of 240 professionals were surveyed, of which 41.7% were women (100) and 58.3% were men (140). The majority of women tend to work in the subfields of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular imaging. Women were underrepresented as heads of departments, earn less, and report less work satisfaction than men. The barriers that female cardiologists face at their workplace include labor discrimination, sexual harassment, family-related concerns, and lack of career development. CONCLUSIONS: The survey points toward the prevalence of a gender gap among cardiologists in Latin America, which is primarily driven by labor discrimination, sexual harassment, family-related concerns, and lack of career development among female cardiologists. Actions aimed at addressing this issue should be considered by different parties.

ANTECEDENTES: Existen diferencias de género entre los profesionales en cardiología en Europa y Norteamérica. La perspectiva de este suceso en América Latina permanece inexplorado. OBJECTIVOS: Analizar la perspectiva de la diferencia de género entre cardiólogos en América Latina. METODOS: Estudio transversal en el que se usó un cuestionario en línea dirigido a profesionales en cardiología en América Latina. El cuestionario incluía datos demográficos, desarrollo profesional en el campo de la campo de la cardiología y la percepción de las barreras en la práctica clínica. RESULTADOS: un total de 240 profesionales fueron analizados, de los cuales 41.7% (100) fueron mujeres y 58.3% (140) fueron hombres. La mayoría de las mujeres suelen trabajar en el área de imagen cardiovascular. Se encontró subrepresentación del género femenino en jefaturas de departamento, tienen un menor salario y reportan menor satisfacción laboral en comparación con los hombres. Las barreas que enfrentan en su lugar de trabajo fueron discriminación laboral, acoso sexual y falta de desarrollo profesional. CONCLUSIONES: El cuestionario señala la prevalencia de la diferencia de género en América Latina, principalmente por discriminación laboral, acoso sexual y falta de desarrollo profesional. Se necesita tomar acciones interinstitucionales que vayan dirigidas a reducir y eliminar esta brecha.

Barreras de acceso a los servicios de salud para mujeres, niños y niñas en América Latina / Barriers to access to health services for women and children in Latin America / Barreiras de acesso aos serviços de saúde para mulheres e crianças na América Latina

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar si existe una asociación entre las barreras de acceso informadas por mujeres de 15-49 años y la utilización de servicios esenciales de salud para mujeres, niños y niñas en América Latina. Método. Estudio transversal con base en modelos de regresión multivariada logística a partir de las Encuestas de Demografía y Salud de Bolivia, Haití, Honduras, Guatemala, Guyana, Nicaragua, Perú y República Dominicana. Resultados. Las barreras geográficas y financieras, la necesidad de obtener permiso para visitar al médico o no querer ir sola al establecimiento redujo significativamente la probabilidad de completar los controles prenatales y de tener un parto asistido. Las mujeres que notificaron dificultades para obtener permiso para visitar al médico redujeron su probabilidad de tener un examen de Papanicolau en los últimos 2 o 3 años, completar la vacunación de niños y niñas, y la probabilidad de buscar atención para sus hijos e hijas con cuadros de infección respiratoria aguda. No querer ir sola al centro de salud redujo la probabilidad de usar métodos anticonceptivos modernos. Conclusiones. La notificación de barreras de acceso por parte de las mujeres redujo de forma estadísticamente significativa la posibilidad de utilizar servicios esenciales de salud para ellas y para sus hijos e hijas. Las estrategias orientadas a eliminar barreras no solo deben enfocarse en mejorar la oferta de servicios, sino también abordar aspectos relacionados con las normas, los roles de género y el empoderamiento de las mujeres si se espera avanzar de manera sostenible hacia el acceso universal.

ABSTRACT Objective. Determine whether an association exists between access barriers reported by women aged 15-49 years and the use of essential health services for women and children in Latin America. Methods. Cross-sectional study using multivariate logistic regression models based on the demographic and health surveys of Bolivia, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Peru. Results. Geographical and financial barriers, the need to obtain permission to visit the doctor, or not wanting to go alone to a health facility significantly reduced the likelihood of completing prenatal checkups and having an assisted delivery. Women who reported difficulties obtaining permission to visit the doctor were less likely to have had a Pap smear in the past two or three years, to complete vaccination of their children, and to seek care for children with acute respiratory infection. Not wanting to go to a health center alone reduced the likelihood of using modern contraceptives. Conclusions. Women who reported barriers to access had a statistically significant lower probability of using essential health services for themselves and their children. Strategies aimed at removing barriers should focus not only on improving the range of services offered, but also address issues related to norms, gender roles, and women's empowerment if sustainable progress toward universal access is to be made.

RESUMO Objetivo. Determinar se existe associação entre as barreiras de acesso relatadas por mulheres de 15 a 49 anos e a utilização de serviços essenciais de saúde para mulheres e crianças na América Latina. Método. Estudo transversal baseado em modelos de regressão logística multivariada de pesquisas demográficas e de saúde da Bolívia, do Haiti, de Honduras, da Guatemala, da Guiana, da Nicarágua, do Peru e da República Dominicana. Resultados. Barreiras geográficas e financeiras, necessidade de obter permissão para ir ao médico ou não querer ir sozinha ao estabelecimento reduziram significativamente a probabilidade de realizar o pré-natal e ter um parto assistido. As mulheres que relataram dificuldade de obter permissão para ir ao médico apresentaram menor probabilidade de fazer o exame Papanicolau nos últimos 2-3 anos, completar a vacinação das crianças e procurar atendimento para seus filhos e filhas com quadro de infecção respiratória aguda. Não querer ir sozinha ao centro de saúde reduziu a probabilidade de utilizar métodos anticoncepcionais modernos. Conclusões. Constatou-se uma redução estatisticamente significativa da possibilidade de utilização de serviços essenciais de saúde por mulheres que relataram barreiras de acesso e por seus filhos e filhas. As estratégias destinadas a remover tais barreiras não devem se concentrar apenas na melhoria da oferta de serviços - devem também abordar questões relacionadas a normas, papéis de gênero e empoderamento das mulheres para que haja um progresso sustentável em direção ao acesso universal.

Let it not be that nursing that asks for silence: participation in social movements and sociopolitical-emancipatory knowledge / Que no es esa enfermería la que pide silencio: participación en movimientos sociales y saberes sociopolíticos-emancipadores / Que não seja aquela enfermagem que pede silêncio: participação em movimentos sociais e saberes sociopolíticos-emancipatórios

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the expression of sociopolitical-emancipatory knowledge, based on the participation of women-nurses in social movements, and the implications for nursing care. Methods: a research-interference, whose data were obtained from narrative interviews with six women-nurses inserted in social movements and with political representation. Data were submitted to discourse analysis, based on Michel Foucault. Results: women-nurses' social and political involvement is driven by the contexts of life and work, marked by gender inequalities. Ability to criticize oneself, the profession and health policies and practices are presented as expressions of sociopolitical-emancipatory knowledge. Nursing care is conceived as a political practice that, influenced by learning from social movements, must go through a denial of the historically performed form. Final Considerations: participation in social movements triggers sociopolitical-emancipatory knowledge, resulting in differentiated care, a way of acting oriented towards reducing inequalities.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar la expresión del saber sociopolítico-emancipador, a partir de la participación de las enfermeras en los movimientos sociales, y las implicaciones para el cuidado de enfermería. Métodos: investigación-interferencia, cuyos datos fueron obtenidos a partir de entrevistas narrativas con seis mujeres-enfermeras insertas en movimientos sociales y con representación política. Los datos fueron sometidos al análisis del discurso, con base en Michel Foucault. Resultados: la participación social y política de las mujeres enfermeras está impulsada por los contextos de vida y de trabajo, marcados por las desigualdades de género. La capacidad de autocrítica, la profesión y las políticas y prácticas de salud se presentan como expresiones de saberes sociopolíticos-emancipadores. El cuidado de enfermería se concibe como una práctica política que, influida por los aprendizajes de los movimientos sociales, debe pasar por una negación de la forma históricamente realizada. Consideraciones Finales: la participación en los movimientos sociales desencadena conocimientos sociopolíticos-emancipadores, resultando en una atención diferenciada, una forma de actuar orientada a la reducción de las desigualdades.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar a expressão de saberes sociopolíticos-emancipatórios, a partir da participação de mulheres-enfermeiras em movimentos sociais, e as implicações para o cuidado de enfermagem. Métodos: pesquisa-interferência, cujos dados foram obtidos de entrevistas narrativas com seis mulheres-enfermeiras inseridas em movimentos sociais e com representação política. Dados foram submetidos à análise do discurso, baseada em Michel Foucault. Resultados: o envolvimento social e político das mulheres-enfermeiras é impulsionado pelos contextos de vida e trabalho, marcados por desigualdades de gênero. Capacidade de crítica sobre si, sobre a profissão e sobre as políticas e práticas de saúde se apresentam como expressões de saberes sociopolíticos-emancipatórios. O cuidado de enfermagem é concebido como uma prática política que, influenciada pelos aprendizados com os movimentos sociais, deve passar por uma negação à forma historicamente realizada. Considerações Finais: a participação nos movimentos sociais aciona saberes sociopolíticos-emancipatórios, resultando em um cuidado diferenciado, um modo de agir orientado para redução das desigualdades.

Liderazgo femenino en medicina y su evolución en el tiempo: 50 años de análisis bibliométrico / Evolution of Female Leadership in Medicine. Bibliometric Analysis and Evaluation of the Last 50 Years

Objetivo Realizar un análisis bibliométrico sobre el liderazgo femenino en medicina para conocer el panorama actual y dirigir futuras investigaciones. Métodos Se realizó un análisis bibliométrico descriptivo retrospectivo de la literatura disponible en MEDLINE en relación con el liderazgo de mujeres médicas de 1973 al 2019. Se utilizó Pubmed y FABUMED, y la siguiente estrategia: ("Leadership"[Mesh]) AND "Physicians, Women"[Mesh] (1973:2019[dp]). Se incluyeron artículos originales, de revista, ensayos, informes científicos y reseñas, para analizar toda la literatura indexada relacionada. Para la obtención del factor de impacto (FI), se utilizó el Journal Citation Reports (7)2017/2018 de las revistas encontradas para estimar la calidad de cada una de ellas. Resultados Un total de 310 referencias fueron encontradas en 139 revistas publicadas, el 71,2% fueron artículos originales, el resto revisiones. Hubo un incremento en las publicaciones de 1996 al 2019 en un 11,9%. Las revistas con mayor porcentaje de publicaciones fueron: Academic Medicine y J Womens Health (Larchmt), con 7,7% y 7,1%. Los países con mayores publicaciones fueron Estados Unidos, con 66 (56%) y Reino Unido con 10 (8,6%). América latina tiene cuatro publicaciones y Colombia no cuenta con ninguna publicación indexada. Conclusión El liderazgo femenino en medicina y las publicaciones sobre el tema han aumentado en las últimas décadas en países industrializados. Por su parte, Latinoamérica debe aumentar sus esfuerzos en publicar en revistas con alto factor de impacto para trabajar por la equidad de género.

Objective Perform a biometrical analysis of female leadership in medicine, in order to know the actual perspective and guide future research. Materials and Methods: A retrospective descriptive bibliometric analysis of the literature available in MEDLINE was performed in relation to the leadership of female physicians from 1973 to 2019, through MEDLINE database, using GoPubmed and FABUMED. The following strategy was deployed: ("Leadership"[Mesh]) AND "Physicians, Women"[Mesh] (1973:2019[dp]). Original articles, journal articles, essays, scientific reports and reviews were included to analyze all related indexed literature. To obtain the impact factor (FI), the Journal Citation Reports (7) 2017/2018 of the journals found was used to estimate the quality of each one of them. Results A total of 310 references were found in 139 published journals, 71.2% were original articles; the remaining 22% were reviews. There was a 11.9% increase in publications from 1996 to 2019. The journals with the highest rate of publications were: Academic Medicine and J Womens Health (Larchmt) with 7.7% and 7.1%. Countries with the highest number of publications were United States with 66 (56%), and United Kingdom with 10 (8.6%). Latin America has four publications, while Colombia has none. Conclusion Female leadership in the medical field and the publications regarding this subject have increased in the last decades, mainly in developed countries. Latin America has to make significant efforts to produce more publications in journals with high impact factor, in order to close the gender gap in the medical field.

Conciliación familiar, laboral y personal de los y las profesionales de Enfermería en España / Reconciliation of family, working and personal lives of Nursing professionals in Spain

Objetivo: explorar el estado de conciliación personal, laboral y familiar de los y las profesionales de Enfermería en España.Método: estudio descriptivo transversal de ámbito nacional en profesionales de Enfermería que trabajan en un centro sanitario. La recogida de los datos se realizó mediante un cuestionario ad hoc en función del índice efr de la Fundación Masfamilia. Se midieron variables sociodemográficas, laborales y profesionales, personales, familiares, y relacionadas con la conciliación. Se efectuaron análisis bivariados (prueba Z y t de Student).Resultados: se obtuvo una muestra de 2.762. El 87% era mujer, un 33% tenía entre 30 a 39 años. Los hombres dedicaban más tiempo diario al deporte (4,27 vs. 2,68) y la cultura (4,36 vs. 2,76) y menos al cuidado del hogar y la familia (5,99 vs. 6,50). Las mujeres reducían más su jornada laboral (30,98% vs. 12,97%), con más días de excedencia por cuidado de hijos/as, (96,55 vs. 8,22). Las mujeres percibían su proyecto profesional más afectado por falta de medidas de conciliación (3,09 vs. 2,62).Conclusiones: los y las profesionales de Enfermería valoran negativamente las medidas de conciliación de su institución, afectando a su salud, calidad de vida y suponiendo un coste para las instituciones sanitarias, mayormente las mujeres. Los roles de género de la sociedad española repercuten negativamente en la percepción de la conciliación de las enfermeras, en sus condiciones laborales y de promoción profesional.(AU)

Objective: to explore the scenario of the personal, working and family reconciliation of Nursing professionals in Spain.Method: a descriptive cross-sectional study at national level on Nursing professionals working at a healthcare centre. Data was collected through an ad hoc questionnaire based on the efr index by the Fundación Masfamilia. Sociodemographic, occupational, and professional variables were measured, as well as those associated with family and reconciliation. Bivariate analysis was conducted (Z and Student’s t tests).Results: a sample of 2,762 was obtained; 87% were female, and 33% were 30-to-39-years old. Men devoted more time during the day to sports (4.27 vs. 2.68) and culture (4.36 vs. 2.76), and less time to care for their home and family (5.99 vs. 6.50). Women reduced their working hours to a higher extent (30.98% vs. 12.97%), with more leave of absence days for children care (96,55 vs. 8.22). Women perceived a higher impact on their professional project by lack of reconciliation measures for women (3.09 vs. 2.62).Conclusions: nursing professionals value negatively the reconciliation measures in their working centre, which have impact on their health and quality of life, and represent expenses for healthcare institutions, mainly for women. Gender roles in Spanish society have a negative impact upon the perception of reconciliation for nurses, their working conditions and professional promotion.(AU)

Fifty years of women's football in Placar: from disallowed goals to winning at home? / Cinquenta anos de futebol feminino na Placar: de gols anulados a triunfos em casa? / Cincuenta años de fútbol femenino en la revista Placar: ¿de goles anulados a triunfos en casa?

Proliferation of sports coverage in the media over recent decades provides rich material through which to explore a range of socio-cultural issues. A growing number of international studies have focused on questions of gender, while in Brazil the focus has been on (men's) football as the national sport. The success of the women's national team and the global profile that women's football has come to enjoy has led to the first considerations of the ways in which the women's game in Brazil has featured in the country's printed media, especially since 2000. This study will focus instead on the ways in which women's football was discussed and represented in the country's most popular sports magazine during the period when women's football was formally prohibited in order to understand how the visual and textual discourses that have frequently been used to delegitimise women's football came to be established.

A proliferação da cobertura esportiva da mídia durante as últimas décadas oferece um rico material para empreender uma análise de vários temas socioculturais. Um crescente número de estudos internacionais vem se dedicando às questões de gênero, ainda que no Brasil se tenha estudado o futebol masculino como o esporte nacional. O êxito da seleção de mulheres e o perfil global que o futebol feminino conquistou têm resultado no estudo das formas como esta prática tem sido representada na mídia brasileira, sobretudo desde os anos 2000. Este estudo toma como ponto de análise as representações de futebol feminino na revista esportiva mais popular do país, durante os anos nos quais o futebol foi proibido, para entender como se estabelecem os discursos tanto textuais como visuais que serviram com frequência para deslegitimar o futebol praticado por mulheres.

El auge de la cobertura deportiva en los medios durante las últimas décadas ofrece un rico material para emprender un análisis de varios temas socioculturales. Un creciente número de estudios internacionales viene dedicándose a cuestiones de género, mientras que en Brasil se ha estudiado sobre todo el fútbol masculino como deporte nacional. El éxito de la selección de mujeres y el perfil global que ha conquistado el fútbol femenino, han llevado al estudio de las formas en que esta práctica ha sido representada en los medios brasileños, sobre todo desde el año 2000. Este estudio toma como punto de análisis las representaciones del fútbol femenino en la revista deportiva más popular del país durante los años en que el fútbol fue prohibido para entender cómo se establecen los discursos, tanto textuales como visuales, que han servido con frecuencia para deslegitimar el fútbol practicado por mujeres.

COVID-19: una realidad inequitativa y compleja para las mujeres / Covid 19: uma realidade desigual e complexa para as mulheres / COVID-19: An inequitable and complex reality for women

Objetivo: reconocer y reflexionar sobre los impactos de la infección por coronavirus en ámbitos diversos en los que las mujeres viven y cómo afrontar los retos derivados de esta situación durante y después de la pandemia. Síntesis de contenido: este documento de reflexión expresa la experiencia y el sentir de mujeres, enfermeras y docentes frente a lo que está sucediendo en la vida de las personas, en particular de las mujeres, a partir de diciembre de 2019 con la aparición del SARS-CoV 2 y la COVID-19. Conclusión: se evidencian los cambios en diversas áreas de la vida de las personas, especialmente en las mujeres, haciendo evidente las inequidades, desigualdades y vulnerabilidades. A partir de ello, se propone la ciudadanía como una nueva forma de ciudadanía basada en el cuidado.

Objetivo: o objetivo deste texto é reconhecer e refletir sobre os impactos da infecção por coronavírus em diversos ambientes em que as mulheres vivem e como os desafios podem ser enfrentados durante e após a pandemia. Síntese de conteúdo: este documento de reflexão expressa a experiência e os sentimentos de mulheres, enfermeiras e professoras em relação ao que está acontecendo na vida das pessoas, a partir de dezembro de 2019, em particular das mulheres, com o aparecimento da Sars-CoV 2 e da covid-19. Conclusão: as mudanças são evidentes em diversos âmbitos da vida das pessoas, principalmente das mulheres, evidenciando iniquidades, desigualdades e vulnerabilidades. A partir disso, a "cuidadania" é proposta como uma nova forma de cidadania baseada no cuidado.

Objective: To identify and reflect on the impacts of coronavirus infection in diverse settings of women's lives and how derived challenges could be faced during and after the pandemic. Content synthesis: This reflection document expresses the experience and feelings of women and female nurses and teachers regarding what is now happening in the lives of people, particularly women, as of December 2019 with the appearance of SARS -CoV 2 and COVID-19. Conclusion: Changes in various areas of people's lives, especially women, become evident, thus making visible existing inequities, inequalities and vulnerabilities. Based on this, a new form of citizenship based on caring, known as "cuidadanía," arises.

Docencia universitaria en salud: análisis de la distribución entre tipos de cargo y género / University teaching in health: analysis of the distribution between job types and gender

Introduction: Despite the great contribution of women to health systems, men still occupy most leadership positions. The gender gap in leadership roles in healthcare is prevalent worldwide. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that analyses the distribution of the types of appointments defined by hierarchy, duration of employment, and percentage of FTE and the positions occupied by women faculty compared with male counterparts. The unit of analysis corresponds to faculty positions in 2018 since each faculty can have more than one position with different hierarchy, duration, and percentage of FTE. We used logistic multivariate analysis to assess associations, considering the model with the lowest AIC. Results: Age group 31 to 50 years (AOR: 0.66; IC 95%: 0.50-0.87) and FTE appointments (AOR: 0.43; IC 95%: 0.29- 0.64) are significantly associated with positions assigned to women. For appointment type defined by hierarchy TA, is significantly occupied by a female when compared to each group of increased hierarchy, Assistant professor (AOR: 1.39; IC 95%: 1.14-1.70), Associate professor (AOR: 2.67: IC 95%: 1.95- 3.67), Full professor (AOR: 3.47; IC 95%: 2.27-5.30) and authorities (AOR: 5.57; IC 95%: 3.53-8.79). Conclusions: There is almost no representation of women in the highest-ranking positions, which are associated with academic recognition, decision-making, and higher pay. The higher prevalence of full-time positions occupied by women could be linked to women still being responsible for household and family tasks

Introducción: A pesar de la gran contribución de las mujeres a los sistemas de salud, a nivel mundial los hombres son mayoría en los puestos de liderazgo. A nivel mundial, la brecha de género en los cargos de liderazgo en atención médica es persistente. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal que analiza la distribución de los tipos de cargos docentes ocupados por mujeres de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Buenos Aires según jerarquía, dedicación y regularidad, comparados con su contraparte masculina. La unidad de análisis corresponde a las posiciones, ya que cada docente puede tener más de un cargo. Usamos regresión logística considerando el modelo con el AIC más bajo. Resultados: Grupo de edad de 31 a 50 años (ORA: 0.66; IC 95%: 0.50 a 0.87) y la dedicación exclusiva (ORA: 0.43; IC 95%: 0.29 a 0.64) están significativamente asociados con posiciones ocupadas por mujeres. Para el tipo de cargos definidos por jerarquía, "ayudante de cátedra" está ocupado significativamente por mujeres, en comparación con cada grupo de jerarquía creciente, Jefe de Trabajos Prácticos (ORA: 1.39; IC 95%: 1.14 a 1.70), Profesor Adjunto (ORA: 2.67; IC 95%: 1.95 a 3.67), Profesor Titular (ORA: 3.47; IC 95%: 2.27 a 5.30) y autoridades (ORA: 5.57; IC 95%: 3.53 a 8.79). Conclusiones: Escasa representación femenina en los puestos de mayor rango asociados con reconocimiento académico, toma de decisiones y mejor salario. La dedicación exclusiva en las mujeres podría estar relacionada con que ellas que siguen siendo responsables de las tareas domésticas y familiares

Doble jornada laboral y percepción de la salud en mujeres: investigación cualitativa / Double working day and perception of health in women: qualitative investigation

Introducción. El trabajo ocupa un lugar clave en la vida de la mujer, y a su vez comprende varias dimensiones. Dos de ellas son el trabajo doméstico no remunerado (TDNR) e invisibilizado, y el trabajo productivo remunerado (TPR) fuera dela casa. El objetivo de esta investigación fue comprender cómo es la percepción de salud en la mujer actual de clase media urbana con doble jornada laboral y cómo ella jerarquiza su TPR. Métodos. Investigación con enfoque cualitativo realizada en un hospital privado universitario de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, mediante entrevistas individuales a mujeres adultas y alfabetas de 30 a 60 años de edad, seleccionadas a través del método de bola de nieve a partir de sus médicos de cabecera. Se utilizaron fichas demográficas estructuradas y entrevistas en profundidad. Se registraron datos personales y prácticas médicas realizadas en los últimos años. Se realizó un análisis de contenido. Resultados. Entrevistamos a 47 mujeres, la mayoría con hijos y la mitad, a cargo de las tareas domésticas en su hogar. Ninguna de ellas reconoció la tarea doméstica (TDNR) como trabajo, 76 % refirió no realizar controles habituales de salud,aunque más del 90 % hizo las prácticas preventivas recomendadas para su edad. Las mujeres entrevistadas expresaron diferentes significados atribuidos por ellas al TPR como independencia, desarrollo personal, mejoría en autoestima, calidad de vida, y sociabilidad. Sin embargo, ante su ausencia en el hogar se mostraron ambivalentes y con sentimientos de culpabilidad. Conclusiones. Este estudio permite reconocer que las mujeres con trabajo TDNR y TPR valoran positivamente a este último, pero se cuestionan que éste les quite tiempo a su participación en el ámbito familiar. Esto resulta en una mayor autoexigencia y perpetúa la invisibilidad del TDNR. En relación al autocuidado, sienten que no realizan sus cuidados médicos, pero tienen buenos indicadores de prácticas preventivas. Quizás sea necesario propiciar la reflexión acerca del rol que tiene el TPR en su bienestar. (AU)

Introduction. Work occupies a key place in the life of women, and in turn, comprises several dimensions. Two of them are unpaid domestic work (UDW) and paid productive work (PPW) outside the home. The objective of this research was to understand how the perception of health is in the current urban middle-class woman with a double working day and how she prioritizes her PPW. Methods. Research with a qualitative approach carried out in a private university hospital in the City of Buenos Aires, through individual interviews with adult and literates women aged 30 to 60, selected through the snowball method from their general practitioners. Structured demographics and in-depth interviews were used. Personal data and medical practices carried out in recent years were recorded. A content analysis was performed. Results. We interviewed 47 women, the majority with children and half of them, in charge of housework in their home. None of them recognized housework (UDW) as work, 76 % reported not doing regular health checks, although more than 90 % did the recommended preventive practices for their age. The women interviewed expressed different meanings attributed bythem to the PPW such as independence, personal development, improvement in self-esteem, quality of life, and sociability. However, in their absence at home, they were ambivalent and guilty. Conclusions. This study allows us to recognize that women with UDW and PPW value the latter positively, but question whether it takes time away from their participation in the family environment. This results in increased self-demand and perpetuates the invisibility of the UDW. In relation to self-care, they feel that they do not perform their medical care, buthave good indicators of preventive practices. It may be necessary to encourage reflection on the role of the PPW in theirwell-being. (AU)

Iniquidades de género e vulnerabilidade às ist/hiv/aids em adolescentes de assentamento urbano: um estudo exploratório / Gender inequalities and vulnerability to sti/hiv/aids in urban settlement adolescents: an exploratory study / Iniquidades de género y vulnerabilidad a las its/vih/sida en adolescentes de asentamiento urbano: un estudio exploratorio

RESUMO Objetivo: Compreender a percepção acerca da vulnerabilidade às IST/HIV/AIDS entre as adolescentes residentes em assentamento urbano de uma capital do Brasil Central. Material e Método: Estudo descritivo e exploratório, com abordagem qualitativo, realizado em assentamento da periferia de uma capital do Brasil Central. De um total de 407 adolescentes da única instituição do assentamento, 107 foram considerados para o estúdio, 20 deles assistiram à consulta hebiátrica até atingir a saturação dos dados, a amostra final foi constituída por 16 adolescentes. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. A análise de conteúdo foi utilizada para tratar os dados, sob a ótima da Teoria das Representações Sociais. Resultados: Emergiram as seguintes categorias temáticas: sentimento de invulnerabilidade às IST/HIV/AIDS; relação de gênero e vulnerabilidade às IST/HIV/AIDS e sexualidade, rede social e vulnerabilidade às IST/HIV/AIDS. Conclusão: As adolescentes assentadas são marcadas pela subalternidade de gênero, que muitas vezes é negada e naturalizada pelos ideais de legitimação de desigualdade entre os sexos.

ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the perception about the vulnerability to STI/HIV/AIDS among female adolescents living in an urban settlement in a city of Central Brazil. Materials and Methods: Descriptive and exploratory study, with qualitative approach, carried out in an urban settlement on the outskirts of a capital city in central Brazil. From a population of 407 adolescents from the only educational institution in the settlement, 107 were considered for the study. Of these, 20 went for hebiatric consultation and, until data saturation was reached, the final sample consisted of 16 adolescents. Data were obtained through semi-structured interviews. Content analysis was used to treat the data from the perspective of the Theory of Social Representations. Results: The following thematic categories emerged: feeling of invulnerability to STI/HIV/AIDS; gender relationship and vulnerability to STI/HIV/AIDS and sexuality, social network and vulnerability to STI/HIV/AIDS. Conclusion: Adolescent girls from the settlement are marked by gender subordination, which is often denied by them and naturalized by the ideals of legitimizing gender inequality.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comprender la percepción sobre la vulnerabilidad a las IST/VIH/SIDA entre las adolescentes que viven en un asentamiento urbano en una capital del centro de Brasil. Material y Método: Estudio descriptivo y exploratorio, de abordaje cualitativo, realizado en un asentamiento urbano de la periferia de una capital de Brasil central. De un total de 407 adolescentes de la única institución del asentamiento, 107 fueron considerados para el estudio, de ellos, 20 acudieron a consulta hebiátrica y hasta que se alcanzó la saturación de datos, la muestra final quedó constituida por 16 adolescentes. Los datos se obtuvieron a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas. El análisis de contenido se utilizó para tratar los datos, bajo el óptimo de la Teoría de las representaciones sociales. Resultados: Surgieron las siguientes categorías temáticas: sensación de invulnerabilidad a las IST/VIH/ SIDA; Relación de género y vulnerabilidad a las IST/VIH/SIDA y Sexualidad, red social y vulnerabilidad a las IST/VIH/SIDA. Conclusión: Las adolescentes asentadas están marcadas por la subordinación de género, que a menudo es negada y naturalizada por los ideales de legitimar la desigualdad entre los sexos.

Inequidades de género, abuso de sustancias y barreras al tratamiento en mujeres en prisión / Gender inequities, substance abuse and treatment barriers in women in prison

The vast majority of women in Mexican prisons have several mental health disorders and addictions, as well as problems obtaining access to treatment for this type of problems. These women's personal background and prison conditions reflect the unresolved problems of the country, such as education and illiteracy, access to health and housing and inequity in the justice systems. The literature has shown that substance abuse affects female prisoners to a greater extent than other women, and that their disadvantaged socio-economic status makes them more likely to engage in and continue substance abuse. Other aspects that exacerbate this vulnerability are their low educational attainment, lack of job skills, and exposure to stigmatization and discrimination in addition to the physical and psychological consequences of addictive behavior. One aspect that has been internationally acknowledged is that gender inequities make women's health more vulnerable, particularly that of female prisoners, since they have greater health deficits and more treatment barriers. International literature has shown that female users of psychoactive substances in general face more barriers than men in seeking or continuing treatment. Research has also shown that the most common personal barriers in women are denial, shame and guilt. Likewise, women's anxiety and depressive disorders tend to be more prevalent and severe, which in turn prevents them from seeking help when they have substance abuse problems. The most common family-related barriers are the difficulty of attending treatment due to family, partner or childcare obligations, pregnancy or fear of losing custody of their children. The main barriers faced by women regarding treatment institutions are the insensitivity or inadequate training of the staff that work there, prejudice and negative attitudes towards women, lack of information on available treatment and extremely long waiting lists. As a result of the above, the aim of this study is to document the barriers to the treatment of addictions of female prisoners, a disadvantaged group that has rarely been studied in Mexico, in order to understand certain aspects related to this population's access to treatment and continuation of the latter. The design used for this research is an ex post facto, descriptive, non-experimental, cross-sectional field study. The sample consisted of 213 women, chosen for convenience, who met the following criteria: alcohol and drug users, ages 18 to 65, able to read and write and with no psychiatric disorders or handicaps that would prevent the interview. The women that participated in this study were drawn from two Mexico City prisons: the Centro Preventivo Femenil Oriente, which houses women that have been accused, tried and sentenced, and the Centro de Readaptación Social Femenil Tepepan, where the inmates are women who have been sentenced and also have psychiatric problems. The ethical care observed included informing the interviewees of the objectives of the study, voluntary participation, confidential handling of the information and the use of witnesses, as well as guaranteeing participants the right to abandon the study and not to answer questions they found uncomfortable. The instrument was designed as a semi-structured interview with 242 questions covering various areas including Allen's Questionnaire on Treatment Barriers. It can be self-administered by the respondents, has internal consistency, construct and content validity and was adapted by Romero (2002). Some of the respondents had to have the questionnaire read out to them because of their low educational attainment. This questionnaire consists of 41 items, 30 of which are divided into three categories: 1. characteristics of treatment services, 2. beliefs, feelings or thoughts, and 3. socio-environmental aspects. Each category also includes an open question to discover other types of barriers not included in the three categories. The results yielded the following socio-demographic profile of the interviewees: 45.5% were in the 28 to 40 year age group; and had had 6 or less years' education (41.3%) or completed junior high school (36.2%). The majority were single (48.6%) or common law (21.6%), while 50.7% had children under the age of 18. Certain other characteristics of this sample such as depression, violence and alcohol and drug use have been reported in other studies. Of the total group of women that had received treatment at some time in their lives, 52.6% (n = 112) mentioned some type of barrier to treatment for addictions. A total of 29.1% (n = 62) of these women mentioned some type of barrier to treatment for alcohol use, while 44.1 % (n = 94) cited some type of barrier to treatment for drug use. Lastly, 39.2% (n = 44) mentioned some type of barrier to treatment for both types of consumption. An analysis of the treatment sub-scale by socio-demographic variable showed greater difficulty in obtaining treatment among women ages 28 to 40 and among those with children under 18. Statistically significant differences were observed regarding the type of offense (robbery) and availability of treatment. As for the beliefs, feelings and thoughts sub-scale, statistically significant differences were found among women with children under 18 and those finding it hard to abandon consumption. The sub-scale related to situational aspects, such as rejection from friends, proved to be the main barrier to enter treatment and was statistically significant among single women. The results of this study pose challenges to the health and mental health service sector regarding the timely treatment and rehabilitation of marginalized women. Likewise, acknowledging gender inequities is crucial when it comes to designing health promotion strategies. Without this perspective, their effectiveness could be jeopardized and gender inequalities actually exacerbated.

La gran mayoría de las mujeres recluidas en las prisiones de México presentan una gran cantidad de trastornos de salud mental y adicciones, así como dificultades para acceder al tratamiento para este tipo de problemas. Los antecedentes personales y las condiciones de reclusión de estas mujeres reflejan los problemas no resueltos del país como son educación y analfabetismo, acceso a la salud, vivienda e inequidad en los sistemas de procuración de justicia. En la bibliografía se ha señalado que el abuso de sustancias afecta a las mujeres presas en mayor medida que a otras mujeres y que su situación socioeconómica desfavorable las hace más susceptibles de incidir y prevalecer en la conducta de abuso de sustancias. Otros aspectos que acentúan esta vulnerabilidad son el bajo nivel educativo, las pocas habilidades para el trabajo, la exposición a la estigmatización y la discriminación, además de las consecuencias físicas y psicológicas de la conducta adictiva. Un aspecto reconocido internacionalmente es que las inequidades de género vulneran de manera particular la salud de las mujeres, lo cual es aún más evidente en las mujeres presas, pues presentan mayores déficits en su salud y mayor número de barreras al tratamiento. Se ha documentado en la bibliografía internacional que las usuarias de sustancias psicoactivas en general se enfrentan a un mayor número de barreras que los hombres para buscar o seguir un tratamiento. Por lo anterior, el objetivo del estudio es documentar las barreras al tratamiento de adicciones de mujeres en prisión, una población desfavorecida poco estudiada en México a fin de entender algunos aspectos relacionados con el acceso a tratamientos de esta población y su permanencia en ellos. El diseño utilizado para esta investigación corresponde a un estudio de campo transversal no experimental, descriptivo, ex post facto. La muestra se conformó de 213 mujeres, seleccionadas por conveniencia, con los siguientes criterios: usuarias de alcohol y drogas, edad de 1 8 a 65 años, que supieran leer y escribir, sin trastorno psiquiátrico o discapacidad que impidiera la entrevista. Las mujeres que participaron en este estudio se seleccionaron de dos prisiones de la Ciudad de México: el Centro Preventivo Femenil Oriente, donde se encuentran mujeres indiciadas, procesadas y sentenciadas, y el Centro de Readaptación Social Femenil Tepepan, donde se encuentran mujeres sentenciadas y con problemas psiquiátricos. Los cuidados éticos observados en el estudio fueron: información de los objetivos a las entrevistadas, participación voluntaria, confidencialidad de la información, empleo de testigos, así como el derecho de abandonar el estudio y de no responder aquellas preguntas que les resultasen incómodas. El instrumento empleado tuvo un formato de entrevista semiestructurada con 242 preguntas que abarcan diversas áreas, entre ellas, el <